Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material is designed strictly as per the latest syllabus and exam pattern.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 1.
Double Entry System.
Answer:
Double Entry System:

  • This system was invented by an Italian merchant named Fra Luco Pacioli in 1494 A.D.
  • According to this system, every transaction has got a two-fold aspect (dual aspect), i.e. one party giving the benefit and the other receiving the benefit and it has effect of opposite nature on two financial items.
  • Information of one financial nature at one place is known as an account which is divided into two sides, debit and credit.
  • In short, one account is to be debited and another account is to be credited for every transaction in order to have a complete record of the same.
  • Therefore, every transaction affects two accounts in opposite direction.
  • For example, if goods are sold to Mr. A on credit, the same will affect goods /sales account and A’s account and entries will be made in opposite direction in these two accounts.
  • This system is called Double Entry System since it keeps records for every transaction in two accounts.
  • Therefore, the basic principle, under this system, is that for every debit there must be a corresponding credit or vice versa.
  • Before going to discuss the double entry principle it becomes necessary to explain certain terms which are frequently used in accounting. They are discussed in later questions.

Question 2.
Meaning of Transactions and events
Answer:
Meaning of Transactions :

  • A business dealing, which can be measured and expressed in terms of money and must be recorded in the books of account, is called a ‘transaction’.
  • In a transaction, there must be some monetary change between the parties.
  • In other words, the meaning of a transaction is to ‘receive’ and ‘give’, viz., one party receive and the other party gives, e.g. if X gives ₹ 400 to Y, Y is receiving ₹ 400 whereas X is giving the same and there is a monetary change between the parties.
  • This give and take can be of Cash, Property, Goods, Services and benefits etc. which has monetary value.
    So, a transaction also means a change in affairs that alters the financial state of parties in any way.
  • There are always two parties in a transaction of which one must be the entity in whose books, accounting is being done.

Transaction
(Transaction is a give & take which has some financial effect on entity)
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 1

1. Goods a/c if prepared is treated as a real a/c but instead of preparing goods a/c, we prepare Purchase a/c, Sale a/c etc. to get full information, which are treated as nominal a/c.

2. In the above analysis you can observe:

  • There are two persons of which one is the entity.
  • Something (i.e, cash, property, goods, service or benefits) is given & in return something else is taken.
  • These both the arrows indicating give & take may take place at the same point of time (known as cash transaction) or at different point of time (known as credit transactions).
  • Irrespective of whether both give & take is done at same time or at different point of time (i.e. indicating only one arrow at a time), there are always two accounts involved in a transaction (dual aspect concept).
  • These accounts can be classified according to function into Real, Nominal & Personal a/c or according to nature into Expense, Income, Asset or liability.

Meaning of Events:

  • Event is happening of something, which has financial effect on the entity.
  • Example – A fire destroys furniture, Stock Balance at the end of the year etc.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 3.
Petty Cash Book.
Answer:
Petty Cash Book:

  • This is to be prepared to record the petty (small) expenses, which are incurred frequently.
  • On the payment side the amount is classified into various columns depending upon the account to which it has to be debited.
  • The columns can be for conveyance expenses, postage, repairs & maintenance, printing & stationery, salary, wages and so on.
  • It is also known as analytical cash book.
  • In petty cash book receipt will be from main cash book.

Posting:

  • The total of this column is debited to respective expense accounts in the ledger after a specific period may be monthly, weekly etc.
  • The Balance of petty cash book (i.e. receipts (-) payments) shows the balance of cash in hand which will be shown in Trial balance.

Question 4.
Imprest System.
Answer:
Imprest System:

  • An amount is fixed which is given to petty cashier who meets expenses out of it & periodically or when the amount is spent, he takes reimbursement from main Cashier exactly equal to amount spent hence his cash balance again becomes equal to fixed imprest amount.
  • This is the upper limit of cash which petty cashier can have.
  • It is a version of Petty cash book only.
  • Example – Imprest amount is fixed at ₹ 1,000. Petty cashier has spent ₹ 785 in that period, thus he has balance of ₹ 215. Now he will get reimbursement from main cashier ₹ 785, thus his balance will again become ₹ 1000.

Question 5.
Sales Book.
Answer:
Sales Book:

  • The Sales Day-Book is a register specially kept to record credit sales of goods dealt in by the firm.
  • Cash sales are entered in the Cash Book and not in the Sales Day Book.
  • Credit sales of things other than the goods dealt in by the firm are not entered in the Sales Day Book, they are journalised.
  • For accounting, Goods means only those items in which the particulars concern is doing business i.e. purchasing & selling it.
  • It is a subsidiary book/subsidiary journal & posting is made from it to the sales account and accounts of the customers.

Posting:

  • The total of sales register is credited to sales a/c periodically say monthly.
  • And individual amounts are debited to respective parties (debtors) a/c.

Sales Account is a final record and postings are made to it from Cash Book (cash sales) and Sales Day Book (credit sales). Sales Account is maintained in the ledger in the manner, the other accounts are maintained. Sales Account is a nominal account and its balance is used for ascertaining gross profit or gross loss.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 6.
Purchase Book.
Answer:
Purchase Book:

  • All credit purchases of goods are recorded in Purchase Book.
  • Cash purchases are entered in the Cash Book and not in the Purchases . Day Book.
  • Credit purchases of things other than the goods dealt in by the firm are not entered in the Purchases Day Book; they are journalised.
  • It is a subsidiary book/subsidiary journal & posting is made from it to the purchases account and accounts of the suppliers.

Posting:

  • The total of purchase register is debited to purchase a/c periodically say monthly &
  • Individual amounts are credited to respective parties (suppliers) a/c.

Cash Sales & Cash Purchases will be recorded in Cash Book and credit sales & credit purchase of Assets will be recorded in Journal. Comments for sales account made above equally apply to purchase account.

Question 7.
Principal Book (Ledger).
Answer:
Principal Book (Ledger):

  • All accounts are opened in a separate register known as a ledger
  • Only exception is cash & Bank a/c which are not prepared in ledger because cash & Bank book itself is Cash & Bank account also (when Cash-cum-Bank Book is prepared).
  • All other books are only books of entry they are not ledger accounts.
  • Hence when we enter a transaction in a book of entry, we decide/write which account should be debited & which account should be credited.
  • But actual debit & credit gets completed only when we write the amount from this book to respective accounts in ledger on debit or credit side as the case may be.
  • This process of writing the amount from books of entry to ledger account is known as ‘posting’.

Posting:

  • Each account will have two sides, left hand side is known as debit side & right hand side as credit side.
  • If the amount is written on debit side that means that account is debited
  • If written on credit side means that account is credited.
  • All these accounts are then totalled & balanced.
  • All the accounts which are having balances either debit or credit are listed on a statement known as Trial Balance.
  • With the help of this Trial Balance, Final accounts namely Trading & P&L A/c and Balance Sheet is prepared.

Instead of one ledger, concern can maintain multiple ledgers like Debtors ledger, Creditors ledger, General ledger etc.

Ledger Account
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 2

Question 8.
Mercantile System of Accounting and Cash System of Accounting
Answer:
Mercantile System of Accounting (Accrual basis of accounting) and Cash System of Accounting:

  • A transaction is recognized when either a liability is created (i.e. when goods/services/benefits or properties are received) and/or an asset is created (i.e. when goods/services/benefits or properties are given).
  • Whether payment is made or received is immaterial in accrual basis accounting.
  • Accrual basis of accounting is also known as mercantile basis of accounting.
  • On the other hand, cash basis of accounting is system of accounting by which a transaction is recognized only if cash is received or paid, no entry is being made when a payment or receipt is merely due.
  • Accrual basis accounting is the only generally accepted accounting method for business entities which are supposed to operate for long period.
  • Cash basis accounting is suitable for short duration ventures.
  • All the chapters which you will study are on accrual basis only exception may be joint venture.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 9.
Journal proper.
Answer:
Journal proper:
If there is no special book meant to record a transaction, it is recorded in the Journal (proper).
(i) Opening entries: When books are started for the new year, the opening balance of assets and liabilities are journalised.

(ii) Closing entries: At the end of the year nominal accounts are transferred to the profit and loss account. This is done through journal entries called closing entries.

(iii) Rectification entries: If an error has been committed, it is rectified . through a journal entry.

(iv) Transfer entries: If some amount is to be transferred from one account to another, the transfer will be made through a journal entry.

(v) Adjusting entries: At the end of the year the amount of expenses or income may have to be adjusted for amounts received in advance or for amounts not yet settled in cash. Such an adjustment is also made through journal entries. Usually, the entries relating to Outstanding expenses, Prepaid expenses, Interest on Capital and Depreciation are necessary.

(vi) Entries on dishonour of Bills: If someone who accepted a promissory note (or bill) is not able to pay it on the due date, a journal entry will be necessary to record the non-payment or dishonour.

(vii) Miscellaneous entries: The following entries will also be shown in Journal proper:

  • Credit purchase of things other than goods dealt in or materials required for production of goods e.g. credit purchase of asset will be journalised.
  • An allowance to be given to the customers.
  • Receipt of promissory notes or issue to them if separate bill books have not been maintained.
  • On an amount becoming irrecoverable, because of the customer becoming insolvent.
  • Effects of accidents such as loss of property by fire etc.

Question 10.
Trade discount and Cash discount.
Answer:
Trade discount and Cash discount:

  • Trade discount is a discount on the selling price for bulk purchase or for purchasing above a minimum quantity or is offered generally to regular customers.
  • It is also called quantity discount.
  • This is a technique of sales promotion.
  • It is generally determined at the stage of sale itself & is deducted from the sale/purchase value & hence doesn’t appear separately in the Books of accounts & Final a/cs.
  • Cash discount is the discount offered by the supplier in consideration of early or timely payment.
  • It may vary with the period of payment.
  • It is accounted as a separate item & appears in the Profit & loss a/c.
  • Cash discount is usually given at the time of payment/receipt as against trade discount is given at the stage of sale/purchase.

Question 11.
Debit Note and Credit Note.
Answer:
Debit Note and Credit Note:
Debit Note:

    • A debit note is a statement sent by one party to the other stating/informing him that his account has been debited with a specified amount and the reason for debit.
    • A debit note is sent to the supplier when the goods purchased from him are returned (purchase return) or for discount to be received from him or for any expenses incurred for him.

Entry:

In the books of sender of Debit note In the books of receiver of Debit note
Party (to whom it is sent) a/c Dr. Sales return/Discount allowed etc. a/c Dr.
To Purchase return/Discount received etc. To Party (who sent it) a/c

Credit Note:

  • A Credit note is a statement/letter sent by one party to the other stating/informing him that his account has been credited with a specified amount and the reason for credit.
  • A credit note is sent to the customer when we receive good returned by them or for discount to be allowed to him or for any expenses incurred for us by him.

Entry:

In the books of sender of Debit note In the books of receiver of Debit note
Sales return/Discount allowed etc. a/c Dr. To Party (who sent it) a/c
To Party (to whom it is sent) a/c. To Purchase return/Discount received etc.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 12.
Classify the following accounts into Personal, Real and Nominal.
a. Cash Account
b. Wages Account
c. Building Account
d. Calcutta Tramway Co. Account
e. East Bengal Club Account
f. Rent Account
g. Capital Account
h. Drawings Account
i. Interest Account
j. Trade Mark Account
k. Dividend Account
l. Land Account
m. Goodwill Account
n. Patent Account
o. Bad Debts Account
p. Bank Account
q. Discount Allowed Account
r. Interest Received Account
s. Discount Received Account
t. Salary Payable
u. Bills Receivable
Solution:
Personal Accounts – d, e, g, h, p, t, u
Real Accounts – a, c, j, l, m, n
Nominal Accounts – b, f, i, k, o, q, r, s

Question 13.
From the following transactions prepare the Cash Book with cash and discount columns:

Aug. 2006
1 Opening cash balance 2500.00
3 Received from D & Co. ₹ 1,350 in full settlement of ₹ 1,400
4 Received for cash sales           1250.00 1250.00
5 Paid to Rajesh & Co. ₹ 775 in full settlement of his account for 800.00
7 Purchased office furniture 670.00
13 Paid for postal stamps 25.00
15 Paid for office rent for month of July, 2006 125.00
17 Used office cash for meeting personal expenses 150.00
19 Sold goods on credit to Mr. Faithful 1700.00
20 Paid to Rajnikant ₹ 670 in full settlement of his account for ₹ 70
20 Deposited in the bank all cash in excess of ₹ 1,200

Solution:
Double Column Cash Book:
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 3
It is assumed that in July month provision for rent payable was made, hence now on payment rent payable account is debited.
Credit sale of 19.08.06 will be entered in sales book or in Journal, if sales book is not maintained.

Question 14.
Write up a three column cash book from the following:
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 4
Solution:
Triple Column Cash Book
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 5

Cheque received but not deposited in bank:
The usual practice in the books on ac-counting is to show such amount as cash and when the same is deposited in bank then cash a/c is credited and bank a/c debited (As done for ₹ 860 in above problem). I (author) don’t consider it appropriate and suggest the following –
a. In real life it will be a daily routine to receive cheque and deposit it next day hence to obviate unnecessary confusion and complication, it should be debited to bank a/c on receipt itself.

b. When it is a year end situation, debit such cheque to cheques in hand a/c rather than in cash a/c. So that in balance sheet we will show cash balance (which is actual cash), cheques in hand and bank balance (which does not include cheque received but not deposited).

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 15.
Enter the following transactions in a three column cash book of M/s. Barket & Co.
April, 2006
1 Cash on hand t 237; Balance at bank ₹ 6,594.
2 Received from K. Agrawal cash ₹ 590, allowed him discount ₹ 10.
4 Paid salaries for March by cash t 200. Cash sales, ₹ 134.
5 Paid B.K. Bose by cheque ₹ 300. Cash Purchases ₹ 60.
7 Paid Question Ahmad by cheque ₹ 585; discount received 21/2%.
8 Cash Sales ₹ 112. Paid cartage and coolie ₹ 6.
10 Paid rent in cash ₹ 50
14 Cash Sales ₹ 212. Received from G.C. Dhar ₹ 194 by cheque discount 3%.
16 Deposited into Bank ₹ 600. Purchased a motor car for ₹ 5,800 and drawn a cheque for the amount
23 Received a cheque from Robert & Co. for ₹ 291; discount received 3%.
28 Cash Sales t 298.
29 Bank notifies that Robert & Co’s cheque has been dishonoured.
30 Deposited with Bank t 300. Paid wages ₹ 72. Bank charges as shown in Pass Book ₹ 5.
Solution:
Triple Column Cash Book
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 6
Posted to discount account in ledger

Question 16.
Enter the following transactions in a columnar Petty Cash Book kept on the Imprest System and balance the cash book. Also post the transaction to the respective ledger accounts.

Jan. 2006
1 The Petty Cash received by cheque 300.00
2 Carriage 4.00
3 Coolie charges 5.50
6 Postal stamps 17.75
8 Revenue stamps 4.50
10 Bought stationery for office use 14.90
13 Bought envelopes 9.40
17 Safety pin box 5.00
19 Printing bill 25.00
23 Travelling expenses to salesman 45.25
25 Subscription to Economic Times 10.50
26 Paid to Waikar on account 17.00
27 Railway fare for sale executive 35.60
28 Tea to office staff 31.40
30 Paid advertising bill 10.25

Solution:
Petty Cash Book (Analytical Cash Book)
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 7
Posting from above petty cash book to ledger accounts will be made as follows:
Carriage and Coolie Charges Account
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 8

Question 17.
From the transactions given below prepare the Sales Book of Amin Chand, a furniture dealer:

June, 2006
5 Sold on credit to Ideal College : 10 tables @ ₹ 25 less 10%
8 Sold Mohan Bros.: 5 stools @ ₹ 10 10 chairs @ ₹ 15
10 Sold on credit M/s. Golchand & Co.: 3 tables @ ₹ 75, 5 chairs @ ₹ 30
20 Sold to M/s. Ram Lai & Sons for cash 5 tables @ ₹ 40
27 Sold on credit to Anand Pal & Co. old type-writer for ₹ 400

Solution:
Sales Book of Amin Chand
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 9
→ Cash transaction of 20.6 will not be entered in sales book. Asset sale will not be recorded in sales book. Cash sale will be recorded in cash book & sale of Asset on credit will be recorded in Journal.

→ Additional columns to note other details, can be made as per requirement.

→ Posting from sales book will be done as follows: (hypothetical folio numbers have been used)
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 10
→ Balancing of accounts is not done because these are not yet complete.

→ Folio numbers have been hypothetically given to explain the concept of folio number.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 17.
From the following transactions prepare the purchase book of Admas for July, 2006 and prepare ledger accounts connected with this book.

1.706 Purchased on credit from Paul & Co.: 50 Electric Irons @ 25, 10 Toasters @ ₹30
6 Purchased for Cash from John & Bros.: 25 Table Lamps @ ₹ 15
10 Purchased from Harsh & Sons on credit: 20 Electric Stoves @ ₹ 20, 10 Heaters @ ₹ 30.
16 Purchased on credit from More & Co.: 15 Heaters @ ₹ 20.
20 Purchased on credit one typewriter from Remington and for 1,500/-

Solution:
Purchase Book of Admas
Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material 11
Posting: Total ₹ 2,550 shall be debited to purchase a/c & individual figures will be credited to respective parties a/c.

Note: Cash purchase of 6.7 will be entered in Cash Book & Purchase of Asset (Type writer) on Credit will be recorded in Journal.

True or False

Question 1.
Wages paid for erection of machinery is debited to Profit and Loss Account.
Answer:
False: Wages paid for erection is a capital expenditure, so it should be debited to the machinery account.

Question 2.
The balance in the cash book shows net income.
Answer:
False: The balance in the cash book shows cash in hand at the end of the period.

Question 3.
The debts written off as bad, if recovered subsequently are credited to Debtors Account.
Answer:
False: The debts written off as bad, if recovered subsequently, shall be credited to Bad Debts Recovered Account.

Question 4.
The sales day book is a part of the ledger.
Answer:
False: The sales day book is a book of prime entry and so it is part of journal.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 5.
Patent right is in the nature of nominal account.
Answer:
False: Patent right is an intangible asset, so it is a real account.

Question 6.
Goods costing ₹ 600 taken by the proprietor for personal use should be credited to Sales Account.
Answer:
False: Goods taken by the proprietor for personal use should be credited to Purchase Account at a cost price of ₹ 600.

Question 7.
If a cheque received is further endorsed, it must be entered on both sides of the cash book.
Answer:
True: The cash book is debited in cash column when the cheque is received and it is credited when it is endorsed.

Question 8.
Rent paid account is Nominal Account whereas, rent received account is a Real Account.
Answer:
False: Rent paid and rent received-both are nominal accounts because they are expenses and incomes of the business.

Question 9.
A tallied Trial balance is a conclusive proof of accuracy of books of account.
Answer:
False: Agreement of trial balance is not a conclusive proof of the accuracy, because there may be some errors like errors of principle, compensating errors etc. which do not affect the total of trial balance.

Question 10.
Opening, Closing, Rectifying and Adjusting entries are recorded in journal proper.
Answer:
True: All the Opening, Closing, Rectifying and Adjusting entries are recorded in journal proper because these are not recorded in any other subsidiary book.

Question 11.
Sale of office furniture should be credited to Sales Account.
Answer:
False: Sale of office furniture is a capital receipt, so it should be credited to Furniture Account.

Question 12.
The balance in the Petty Cash Book represents expenses.
Answer:
False: The balance in the Petty Cash Book represents petty cash balance lying with the Petty cashier. It is treated as an asset of the business.

Accounting Process (Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books) – CA Foundation Accounts Study Material

Question 13.
The purchase day book is a part of the ledger.
Answer:
False: Purchase day book is a book of original entry and so it is a part of journal.

Question 14.
In a Cash Book, Discount Columns may show either debit balance or credit balance.
Answer:
False: Discount Columns of a Cash Book are totalled but never balanced. These are totalled and transferred to Discount Allowed and Discount Received Account respectively.

Question 15.
Purchase book records all purchases of goods.
Answer:
False: Purchase book records only credit purchases of goods.

Question 16.
The Sales book is kept to record all sales.
Answer:
False: The Sales book is kept to record only the credit sales of goods.

Question 17.
The debit notes issued are used to prepare sales return book.
Answer:
False: The credit notes are used to prepare sales return book.

Question 18.
Bank column of the cash book will show only a debit balance.
Answer:
False: Bank column of the cash book may show debit or credit balance.

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